How does learning occur?

In constructivist theory, learners construct meaning through their own personal experiences.  Although social interaction is an important component of constructivism, knowledge is not formed from outsiders, but rather within the individual (Ormrod, et al., 2009).  Learners create their own meaning based on their interactions with the surrounding world.    

 

What factors influence learning?

Both the learner and the learner’s environment are key variables in constructivist learning theory (Ertmer & Newby, 1993). Interaction between learner and environment in meaningful, real-life contexts is an essential factor that influences learning.  Although learners create meaning in their own way, the opportunity to engage in social interaction is another key component in creating constructivists learning experiences. 

 

What is the role of memory?

Rather than focusing on the retrieval of encoded schema, memory in constructivist theory is centered on prior knowledge.  Memories are created by connecting prior knowledge to current learning contexts (Davis, et al., 2008). To increase the chances of building solid memories, learning contexts should be meaningful and should allow learners to apply prior knowledge to new learning experiences. 

 

How does transfer occur?

Transfer occurs through meaningful social experiences. Practical, real-world learning contexts allow basic conceptual and theoretical knowledge to be transferred and applied to a variety of situations (Spiro, 2002). Under constructivist theory, learners adapt preexisting knowledge, and through transfer, apply these constructs to new learning contexts.

 

What types of learning are best explained by constructivist theory?

Social learning tasks involving collaboration, creativity, and problem-solving are the types of learning tasks that are best explained by constructivist theory.  Ormrod, et al., (2009) suggest class discussions, peer tutoring, and cooperative learning as avenues for students to engage in constructivist learning activities.  Learning that focuses on large and complex concepts is more appropriate for constructivist learning, while lower level tasks fall into the category of cognitivist learning theory.

 

How is technology used for learning in the teaching field?                          

Computer-based learning and technology are integral tools in constructivist theory as it applies to teaching and learning.  According to Strommen and Lincoln (1992), as stated by Matusevich (1995), “The key to success lies in finding the appropriate points for integrating technology into a new pedagogical practice, so that it supports the deeper, more reflective self-directed activity children must use if they are to be competent adults in the future" (p. 1).  The web provides a plethora of interactive and social learning experiences that learners can utilize to construct knowledge in an engaging way.  Social networking sites, educational video games, webquests, simulations, and other interactive technology tools can help engage learners and create deep learning experiences that allow learners to construct their own knowledge.